The Baltic Sea is considered one of the world's most polluted seas. Now, new research from Chalmers University of Technology reveals a relatively unknown environmental culprit. The study shows that the discharge water from ships' exhaust gas treatment systems, so-called scrubbers, is responsible for up to nine percent of certain emissions of carcinogenic and environmentally harmful substances in the Baltic Sea, which is considerably more than was previously known. Furthermore, the number of ships equipped with scrubbers have tripled since the study was carried out. The researchers' study is unique in its kind and was commissioned by the Swedish Transport Agency and the Swedish Agency for Marine and Water Management to investigate the environmental impact from scrubbers in the Baltic Sea compared to other sources of environmental contaminants.
One of the researchers behind the study is
Ida-Maja Hassellöv, Professor and researcher at the Division of Maritime Studies at Chalmers University of Technology:
"For many years, we've flagged the fact that scrubbers account for disproportionately large emissions of hazardous and acidifying substances into the marine environment. In spite of this message, we have seen a significant increase in the number of scrubber installations as it is economically beneficial for the shipowner. Therefore, it is very important that authorities and decision-makers now react and implement measures to reduce shipping's emissions and impact on the marine environment," says Ida-Maja Hassellöv.
A growing marine environmental problem
A scrubber is used on ships to clean exhaust gases, primarily to reduce emissions of sulfur sulphur oxides to the atmosphere. However, washing the exhaust gases in seawater traps other contaminants in the seawater and results in the release of hazardous substances to the marine environment.
In the
Chalmers study, published in the Marine Pollution Bulletin, the researchers found that more than 200 million cubic meters of environmentally hazardous scrubber water were discharged from ships that used exhaust gas cleaning systems in the Baltic Sea - in just one year. The study showed that scrubber wash water accounts for up to 9 percent of the emissions of certain cancer-causing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) into the Baltic Sea. The study also revealed that ships painted with copper-based antifouling paints account for a third of the total supply of copper to the Baltic Sea. Copper in antifouling paints is already a known environmental problem as the metal cannot be degraded in the environment and therefore leads to high levels in water, sediment and soil. But exactly how much of the load of copper boat and ship traffic accounts for, has previously been unknown. Also, the cancer-causing PAHs are difficult to degrade and can spread widely in the environment before breaking down.
Erik Ytreberg, Associate Professor and researcher at the Division of Maritime Studies at Chalmers University of Technology, is the lead author of the scientific study:
"Our results show that shipping accounts for a significant proportion of hazardous substances to the Baltic Sea, above all through antifouling paints and discharge of wash water from open loop scrubbers. PAHs are highly toxic to both humans and aquatic organisms as they are, among other things, carcinogenic. Worth noting is that the study's data was collected in 2018, and at that time there were approximately 180 ships with scrubbers in the Baltic Sea. Since then, these ships have increased significantly and in 2021 there were almost 600 ships equipped with scrubbers in the Baltic Sea," says Erik Ytreberg.
Proposal for a future ban
Today, scrubbers are installed on over 4,000 ships around the world. In the Baltic Sea area, only Germany already applies the same legislation, even though several other countries in Europe regulate scrubber discharges in their ports. The Chalmers researchers welcome the proposal but hope for even more extensive regulation in the future.
"The proposal that Sweden should ban the discharge of wash water into Swedish inland waters is good, but at the same time it means that only 1 - 2 percent of the discharges that occur from scrubbers in the Baltic Sea today will be regulated. Sweden could also propose a ban in our territorial waters, which would mean that roughly 15-17 percent of emissions to the Baltic Sea could be regulated. But the biggest effect would obviously come from an international ban, where all the countries around the Baltic Sea agree on a joint regulation of the discharge of scrubber water," says Erik Ytreberg.
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