Severe alcohol-associated hepatitis (sAH) remains a highly lethal condition with limited therapeutic options. Characterized by rapid liver decompensation, sAH is often accompanied by acute kidney injury (AKI), a complication that substantially worsens prognosis. Corticosteroids are currently the only treatment shown to offer a modest short-term survival benefit in selected patients. Pentoxifylline, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor with anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) properties, has been proposed as a potential alternative, especially for patients with contraindications to steroids or coexisting AKI. However, evidence supporting its efficacy has been inconsistent and regionally variable.
To clarify the clinical utility of pentoxifylline in this setting, Idalsoaga et al. conducted a retrospective, multicenter registry study across 20 centers from eight countries. The study included 525 patients diagnosed with sAH and AKI between 2009 and 2019. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality, with liver transplantation considered as a competing event. Main results include:
- Survival rates at 90 days were 46.2% in the pentoxifylline group versus 49.8% in the control group.
- Multivariable Cox regression showed that pentoxifylline use was not significantly associated with improved survival.
- Key predictors of mortality were: older age; higher MELD score at admission; requirement for renal replacement therapy.
In addition, a secondary exploratory analysis focusing on patients with serum creatinine ≥1.5 mg/dL reaffirmed these findings. Again, pentoxifylline use did not improve survival at any time point, including 30, 90, or 180 days.
The results of this large real-world cohort study confirm that pentoxifylline offers no mortality benefit in sAH patients with concurrent AKI. This is consistent with previous studies and meta-analyses that have cast doubt on the efficacy of pentoxifylline in alcoholic hepatitis overall. Although pentoxifylline has shown renal protective effects in animal models and other clinical contexts (e.g., diabetic nephropathy, cardiac surgery), these mechanisms may not sufficiently counteract the complex inflammatory and hemodynamic disturbances seen in sAH with AKI. The high rates of multiorgan failure and infection-related deaths in this cohort highlight the multifactorial pathogenesis of mortality in these patients.
This study stands out for its large, diverse international cohort and rigorous statistical approach. However, the retrospective design introduces inherent limitations such as missing data and potential confounding. Nearly half of the records lacked infection data, and the precise timing, dosing, and duration of pentoxifylline therapy were unavailable, which should be explored in the future.
The clear absence of benefit from pentoxifylline suggests a pressing need for novel therapies in sAH, particularly for those with AKI who are often excluded from corticosteroid treatment. Potential strategies may include: (1) Targeting specific inflammatory pathways (e.g., IL-1, gut-liver axis); (2) Microbiota-modulating interventions; (3) Plasma exchange; (4) Trials of combination therapy (e.g., corticosteroids + novel agents). Moreover, early detection of renal dysfunction and proactive infection management remain critical components of supportive care.
In conclusion, pentoxifylline does not improve survival in patients with severe alcohol-associated hepatitis and acute kidney injury. These findings challenge current regional practices where pentoxifylline remains in use and underscore the need to re-evaluate its role in clinical guidelines. Future research should pivot toward novel, mechanism-based therapies to address the unmet needs of this high-risk population.
See the article:
Idalsoaga F, Diaz LA, Dunn W, et al. Pentoxifylline use in alcohol-associated hepatitis with acute kidney injury does not improve survival: a global study. eGastroenterology 2025;3:e100179. doi:10.1136/egastro-2024-100179.
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