Scientists have developed a prototype sensor that could help doctors rapidly measure adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and lactate levels in blood samples from patients, aiding in the rapid assessment of the severity of some diseases.
The prototype of the ATP and Lactate sensor developed in the study (left); and the integrated sensor chip that detects ATP and Lactate levels (right). (Photos: Akihiko Ishida).
Hokkaido University scientists and colleagues have designed a prototype biosensor that detects levels of ATP and lactates in a patient's blood, enabling rapid assessment of the severity of some medical conditions. The details were reported in the journal Biosensors and Bioelectronics.
ATP is a molecule found in every living cell that stores and carries energy. In red blood cells, ATP is produced by a biochemical pathway called the Embden-Meyerhof pathway. Severe illnesses such as multiple organ failure, sepsis and influenza reduce the amounts of ATP produced by red blood cells.
As such, the severity of these illnesses could be gauged by monitoring the amounts of ATP and lactates in a patient's blood. "In 2013, our co-authors at Tokushima University proposed the ATP-lactate energy risk score (A-LES) for measuring ATP and lactate blood levels to assess acute influenza severity in patients," explains Hokkaido University applied chemist, Akihiko Ishida. "However, current methods to measure these levels and other approaches for measuring disease severity can be cumbersome, lengthy or not sensitive enough. We wanted to develop a rapid, sensitive test to help doctors better triage their patients."
Ishida and colleagues at Hokkaido University and Tokushima University developed a biosensor that can detect levels of ATP and lactate in blood with great high sensitivity in as little as five minutes. The process is straightforward. Chemicals are added to a blood sample to extract ATP from red blood cells. Enzymes and substrates are then added to convert ATP and lactate to the same product that can be detected by specially modified electrodes on a sensor chip. The intensity of the current generated at the electrodes depends on the amount of by-product present in the sample.
Schematic representation of the proposed sensor for sequentially detecting ATP and lactate levels in the blood. Through a series of chemical reactions, ATP and lactate are converted to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The breakdown of H2O2 to water (H2O) causes the sensor chip to generate a signal that is detected by the sensor (Keine Nishiyama, et al. Biosensors and Bioelectronics. November 23, 2021).
The team conducted parallel tests and found that other components present in blood, such as ascorbic acid, pyruvic acid, adenosine diphosphate (ADP), urate and potassium ions, don't interfere with the ability of the electrodes to accurately detect ATP and lactate. They also compared their sensor with those currently available and found it allowed for the relatively simple and rapid measurement of the two molecules.
"We hope our sensor will enable disease severity monitoring and serve as a tool for diagnosing and treating patients admitted to intensive care units," says Ishida.
The researchers next aim to simplify the measurement process even further by integrating an ATP extraction method into the chip itself. They also plan to make their sensor system even more compact.
Members of the Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, including study authors Manabu Tokeshi (front row, third from left) and Akihiko Ishida (front row, first from right). (Photo: Akihiko Ishida)
Original Article:
Keine Nishiyama, et al. Electrochemical enzyme-based blood ATP and lactate sensor for a rapid and straightforward evaluation of illness severity. Biosensors and Bioelectronics. November 23, 2021.
DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113832
Funding:
This study was partly supported by the Joint Usage and Joint Research Programs, the Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tokushima University.
