How much carbon dioxide do parks and individual trees in cities absorb, and how much do they release? To answer this question, researchers at the Technical University of Munich (TUM) have developed a high-resolution CO₂ biogenic flux model. Their findings show that, on average, around two percent of Munich's annual urban emissions are compensated by vegetation. Urban trees have the greatest impact, whereas grassy areas are often net sources of CO₂.
Juli Eberle / TUM According to the model, among all vegetation types, urban trees make the greatest contribution to offsetting carbon dioxide emissions in cities. On some summer days, their absorption can cover the emissions from Munich's urban traffic and even exceed them at times. Because soil respiration exceeds photosynthesis, grassy areas release more carbon dioxide than they bind and are therefore considered a source of CO₂ on an annual basis. Jia Chen, professor of environmental sensing and modeling , and her doctoral student Junwei Li conducted biospheric field measurements in urban parks from April 2024 to February 2025, to validate their model results.
ediundsepp Trees as CO₂ sinks, grasslands as net sources
Previous biogenic flux models are mostly based on satellite data with a resolution of around 500 meters. This means that smaller green spaces or individual trees in the city can hardly be detected, and the actual vegetation area is significantly underestimated. Researchers at TUM have developed a model that depicts CO₂ flows in urban areas with a resolution of ten meters, enabling it to map urban vegetation more accurately than previous models. In the future, the methods, which were deployed in Munich and Zurich, will be applied to other cities.
"The current study shows that the urban vegetation landscape is very heterogeneous. Our high-resolution analysis reveals which areas actually have an impact on the climate," says Jia Chen, professor at the TUM School of Computation, Information and Technology . "Of course, the results must be viewed in an overall context. Green spaces offer additional advantages over sealed surfaces. Among other things, they lower the temperature in the city in summer, serve as infiltration areas, and improve the quality of life."
The research results were produced in collaboration with the University of Basel, EMPA, and DLR, with support from the EU project "ICOS Cities."
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Andreas Heddergott / TUM Li, J., Chen, J., Glauch, T., Brunner, D., Marshall, J., Ponomarev, N., et al. (2026). Fine-scale estimation of urban biogenic CO2 fluxes: A novel framework integrating multiple versions of vegetation photosynthesis and respiration models and in situ measurements. Earth's Future, 14, e2025EF007458. https://doi.org/10.1029/2025EF007458
