The paper released by Macquarie University on May 4, ahead of Australia's annual Humpback Day, explores the distinct action of 'gaping', where whales have been observed opening their mouths widely, without clear reason.
Dr Pirotta says the study, analysing 66 internet and social media instances of gaping, shows how tourists, whale-watch operators and drone users can provide valuable scientific observations.
A whale 'gaping'. Picture: Hannah Pittore
"Just when we think we know a lot about humpback whales, we don't," she says. "Tourism operators and citizen scientists spend hours observing whales and are a powerful resource for capturing and reporting on behaviour, using the increasingly high-quality technologies many of us have on hand."
The gaping was captured by onlookers in a range of situations – from boats (above water) during swim-with-whale activities (underwater) and with drones.
"It was so unusual to see this happen and when I heard the commentary of people watching it, I knew it was rare," says Dr Pirotta.
It included both adults and calves and was mostly seen when there were other whales nearby. Notably, it happened outside whales usual feeding routines.
The research suggests a range of reasons for the behaviour including communication, social/playful behaviour, exploring ocean debris (particularly for calves) or an incidental jaw stretching or separation.
