You can now get glossy, car-paint-quality color from a coating that contains no pigment at all. The Kobe University development makes non-fading structural color applicable to complex surfaces at scale, fixes angle-dependent color and allows for applying protective layers for real-world use.
"Color coatings are expected to provide vivid color, brightness, gloss, and long-term durability, yet no existing technology satisfies all of these requirements simultaneously," says Kobe University material engineer SUGIMOTO Hiroshi. Conventional coatings usually rely on relatively thick pigment layers that fade and add significant weight. While structural color, like that found in peacocks, isn't subject to the photofading that affects organic pigments, it does require precise alignment and changes color depending on viewing angle. In addition, such structural arrays are incompatible with protective layers.
Sugimoto has previously developed silicon nanospheres as a completely new approach to structural color, which creates angle-independent coloration, and more recently, his group achieved ink-jet printing for this technology ( link ). However, so far, reflectance has been diffuse, meaning that the surfaces lacked luster, but the trick that enabled inkjet printing opened up a path to the solution. Sugimoto explains, "Packing the nano spheres in silica shells not only protects the particles but also controls their spacing and should improve self-assembly into neat arrays." This should reduce diffuse reflectance, making the color glossy.
In a paper now published in the journal Small Structures, his team demonstrates glossiness and control over it while applying the coating to large, 3D surfaces. In addition, they showed that adding a protective coating did not significantly change the hue. "The most exciting aspect of this work is that it demonstrates glossy, non-iridescent and protection-coated structural color coatings for 3D objects in a single platform, making the technology useful for real-world applications," explains Sugimoto.
The coatings are also impossibly light, with high opacity and brightness being achieved by just a single layer of silicon nano spheres. If this were to be applied to wide body airliners, this would make their coatings, which currently add several hundred kilograms in weight, weigh somewhere on the order of several hundred grams — less than a pack of milk for the whole plane. Also, the nano particles are made from silicon, a non-toxic material sourceable from the semiconductor industry, and silica, one of the most abundant materials in the Earth's crust. Combine this with their non-fading nature and color coatings might become much less resource-demanding in the future.
Sugimoto is involved in setting up a company to scale up production for industrial use. Thinking about the breadth of possible applications, he explains, "The process is compatible with scalable coating methods such as spray coating, slot-die coating, and roll-to-roll processing." But Sugimoto is also a scientist and his outlook goes beyond color coatings. He says: "We want to expand the possibility of applications for the science behind our technology beyond coloration. Looking ahead, we aim to develop multifunctional silicon nanoparticle coatings that combine structural coloration with additional optical functions such as sensing, photocatalysis and energy management."
This research was funded by the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (grants JPMJPF2503, JPMJSF2405) and the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (grants 24KF0158, 24K01287, 25K22206, 25K01608).
Kobe University is a national university with roots dating back to the Kobe Higher Commercial School founded in 1902. It is now one of Japan's leading comprehensive research universities with over 16,000 students and over 1,700 faculty in 11 faculties and schools and 14 graduate schools. Combining the social and natural sciences to cultivate leaders with an interdisciplinary perspective, Kobe University creates knowledge and fosters innovation to address society's challenges.
