Dosimetry measurements in fresh produce support the development and validation of computational models for simulation of phytosanitary irradiation processes at the French technology resource centre Aerial, an IAEA Collaborating Centre, using RayXpert a Monte Carlo simulation software. (Photo: F. Kuntz/Aerial)
Food irradiation is a proven technology which uses gamma rays, electron beams and X-rays to effectively reduce microbial loads and eliminate insect pests, supporting food security and international trade.
For many countries, however, designing effective radiation processes remains costly and complex. Traditional experimental approaches are often insufficient to address the wide range of food types, packaging geometries, radiation types and industrial constraints. Without reliable tools to predict these interactions, facilities must rely on extensive physical experimentation, repeating tests when conditions change.
To address these challenges, the IAEA, through the Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture , has launched a five-year Coordinated Research Project (CRP), Modelling to Facilitate Uptake and Application of Food and Phytosanitary Irradiation .
The Limits of Existing Tools
Mathematical modelling and simulation have revolutionized decision-making in radiation therapy, aerospace engineering and materials science. However, their use in food irradiation remains limited and fragmented. Existing models are developed in isolation, using different assumptions, computational tools and validation strategies, undermining regulatory frameworks that depend on robust, validated science.
Government and food industry decision-makers need quantifiable evidence on how much food loss, infections and hospitalizations can be prevented through irradiation before committing to the technology. What is needed is not simply more models, but harmonized models that are tested against experimental data and designed for practical use by countries with varying levels of expertise.
How Modelling Improves Food Irradiation
Advanced computer simulations, such as Monte Carlo simulations, can map how radiation distributes within different food products, considering their shape, composition and packaging. These capabilities are particularly valuable for low-energy electron beam and X-ray technologies, which exhibit steep dose gradients that are difficult to characterize experimentally.
Modelling tools can also help predict how microorganisms and insect pests respond to irradiation under different conditions, supporting the development of phytosanitary irradiation doses with greater scientific confidence. When combined with other variables such as packaging materials, temperature or storage conditions, integrated modelling approaches can guide process design far more efficiently than experimentation alone.
Research Objective
Research Objective
The project brings together experts from radiation physics, dosimetry, food science, microbiology and entomology to develop and validate a coherent set of modelling and simulation tools for practical use by Member States.
Building on existing models, international standards and guidance documents, the CRP emphasizes integration, validation and usability. This ensures that results are transparent, clearly communicate their assumptions and uncertainties and are accessible to institutions at all levels of technical capacity.
The project will focus on the following objectives:
- Develop predictive models linking irradiation parameters to biological response and quality outcomes.
- Establish Monte Carlo simulation as a virtual dosimetry tool for food irradiation applications.
- Promote adoption of international dosimetry standards and best practices.
- Characterize correlations between irradiation parameters and microbial inactivation, pest control and food quality.
- Improve guidelines and protocols through insights afforded by modelling.
- Develop or co-develop turnkey models and simulation templates among CRP participants.
How to join
The project will be open to up to ten research contracts and at least five research agreement holders, offering Member States and interested partners the opportunity to participate.
