English author Emily Brontë is best known for her novel "Wuthering Heights," a multigenerational story of obsession, revenge and love set in the Yorkshire moors. "This Dark Night," the first full-length biography of Brontë in over 20 years and written by Penn State Professor of English Deborah Lutz, draws on Brontë's formerly inaccessible notebooks and manuscripts to bring new light to the author's tragic and fiercely independent life.
Lutz, the George and Barbara Kelly Professor in Nineteenth-Century English and American Literature, discussed in the following Q&A her new biography of Brontë and why readers still obsess over her novel nearly 200 years later.
Q: Who was Emily Brontë?
Lutz: Brontë grew up in a family of writers, and she collaborated with her siblings on all of her work. Both "Wuthering Heights" and her sister Charlotte's "Jane Eyre" grew out of this shared writing space. While she composed her great, gothic novel, with its gloomy passions, she did chores around the house - sewing her own clothing, making bread and cleaning the parlor. In "This Dark Night," I evoke her as an embodied self; I ask, what was it like to be in a woman's body in 1830s and 1840s West Yorkshire? What were the sounds, smells, the feelings along the skin?
Q: Why continue to study her almost 200 years after her death?
Lutz: New lovers of her novel "Wuthering Heights" appear every day, it seems! And so much new research over the past 30 years changes the way we see her. She knew queer people, like Anne Lister - called Gentleman Jack and recently was the subject of her own HBO series - a local lesbian. And the character Heathcliff was likely based on a person of color, possibly the child of an enslaved person passing through Liverpool - a major stop for ships involved in the slave trade. When he first arrives in the novel, after being found on the streets of Liverpool, he is speaking a foreign language and is described as "black," a "gypsy" and with the appearance of an Indian sailor. Brontë also witnessed the beginnings of the climate crisis. Textile mills and mining in her area polluted the air and streams, and some of the birds she so loved were going extinct.
Q: What new insights did you discover in your research? Any surprises?
Lutz: I was surprised at how much she revised "Wuthering Heights," since it's easy to imagine it coming from her fully formed. But it went through distinct versions, and she really labored over it.
But also how quickly she wrote it! She finished it in about two years. And then, after her death, Charlotte revised it again, when it was reprinted. Charlotte had always been ashamed of the novel, finding it coarse, violent and immature. She made it more conventional by stringing together short paragraphs and smoothing out the local speech. This seemed like a real betrayal of her sister, given that Emily had her own eccentric voice and Charlotte tried to tame it.
Q: The new "Wuthering Heights" movie starring Margot Robbie and Jacob Elordi recently hit streaming. Any thoughts about the film or why we keep returning to it two centuries later?
Lutz: The new film is a visual feast and the costumes and interiors are amazing. It seemed a shame, though, that only about 5% of the dialogue comes from the novel. The novel is mainly oral - it's a tale full of people talking to one another - so it's a missed opportunity to ignore most of Brontë's text. It was also a shame to have Heathcliff played by a white actor. It's fairly unusual for a great Victorian novel to have a major character who is a person of color, and I think today filmmakers should run with that.
