Styrene, the chemical used to make polymers and resins used in plastic, disposable containers, latex, synthetic rubber, insulation and more, is ubiquitous to everyday life.
Given its prevalence and importance, a low-cost, energy-efficient, and environmentally sustainable production method is critical. The traditional – and currently most common – method of producing it through the dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene, however, has drawbacks in these areas: It requires excess superheated steam or results in a lack of precise control of the structure uniformity of catalysts.
Now, a team of researchers led by Hongyang Liu of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Metal Research, has developed a method of ethylbenzene dehydrogenation under oxygen-free conditions with fully exposed platinum (Pt) cluster catalysts that result in the positive traits of high activity, selectivity and stability, as well as lower energy and financial costs. The results will be published July 10 in Nano Research (DOI 10.1007/s12274-022-4650-6).
"We have prepared fully exposed Pt cluster catalysts by exploiting the carbon defects on the surface of the graphene support and the physical segregation of atomically dispersed tin (Sn)," said Liu, who is also appointed at the University of Science and Technology of China. "The fully exposed Pt clusters can promote the desorption of the target product styrene, making it exhibit higher dehydrogenation activity and stability than Pt nanoparticles catalysts."
In contrast, a common previous method of ethylbenzene dehydrogenation took place over iron oxide-based catalysts, required high temperatures that result in carbon deposition and required excess superheated steam. To overcome this, researchers have employed single-atom catalysts (SAC) and fully exposed cluster catalysts (FECCS).
"SACs and FECCs deliver a wide range of atomic dispersion and full utilization efficiency of the metals, which can provide enhanced activity and have received a great deal of interest," Liu said.
"Especially, the active sites of FECCs generally contain diverse combinations of multiple metal atoms and are suitable for catalyzing reactants that need ensemble metal sites."
However, SACs and FECCs, have their own limitations, including imprecise control of the structure uniformity of FECCs and aggregation of metal atoms into metal clusters or nanoparticles caused by their high surface energy and thermodynamic instability when exposed to high temperatures.
While other researchers have aimed to design FECCs with high activity and high stability suitable for high-temperature reactions such as ethylbenzene dehydrogenation, as this team of researchers did, previous studies used non-precious metal oxides or carbon materials for catalysts, which require high energy and water consumption and result in low activity. The energy consumption can be addressed by oxidization of the process, but that leads to low selectivity and hazards with flammable mixtures.
"In our research, we employed atomically dispersed Sn-decorated nanodiamond/graphene supported fully exposed Pt cluster catalysts for ethylbenzene dehydrogenation under oxygen-free conditions, which exhibited high activity, selectivity and stability compared to previous catalysts, opening a new avenue for designing stable atomically dispersed metal catalysts," Liu said. "We obtained good catalytic performance in alkane dehydrogenation."
Another part of the appeal of this method, according to the researchers, is its ability to be adapted to other types of catalysts.
"Ruthenium, rhodium and iridium catalysts were prepared by the same preparation method, and all showed good catalytic performance in the direct dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene, indicating that the efficient catalyst design method proposed in this paper is universal," Liu said. "The catalyst design method provides a new idea for designing efficient atomically dispersed metal alkane dehydrogenation catalysts.
The researchers say they will continue to develop the design methods and applications of atomically dispersed metal catalysts in this research, including multi-metals, diverse reactions, practical applications, and more.
The other authors on the paper were Linlin Wang of Northeastern University and Chinese Academy of Sciences; Ting Sun of Northeastern University; Xiangbin Cai and Ning Wang of the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; Xuetao Qin, Ding Ma and Mi Peng of Peking University in Beijing; Zhimin Jia and Xiaowen Chen of Chinese Academy of Sciences and University of Science and Technology of China, which are Liu's affiliations as well; and Jiangyong Diao of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
The National Key R&D Program of China, the National Natural Science Foundation of China, the Liaoning Province, IMR Innovation Fund, Dalian National Lab for Clean Energy, the Sinopec China and Research Grant Council of Hong Kong funded this work.
The paper is also available on SciOpen (https://www.sciopen.com/article/10.1007/s12274-022-4650-6) by Tsinghua University Press.
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About Nano Research
Nano Research is a peer-reviewed, international and interdisciplinary research journal, sponsored by Tsinghua University and the Chinese Chemical Society. It offers readers an attractive mix of authoritative and comprehensive reviews and original cutting-edge research papers. After more than 10 years of development, it has become one of the most influential academic journals in the nano field. Rapid review to ensure quick publication is a key feature of Nano Research. In 2022 InCites Journal Citation Reports, Nano Research has an Impact Factor of 10.269 (9.136, 5 years), the total cites reached 29620, ranking first in China's international academic journals, and the number of highly cited papers reached 120, ranked among the top 2.8% of over 9000 academic journals.
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