BIRMINGHAM, Ala. – A United States Food and Drug Administration mandate to limit the dosage of acetaminophen in pills that combine acetaminophen and opioid medications is significantly associated with subsequent reductions in serious liver injury, researchers report in the medical journal JAMA. The federal mandate was announced in 2011 and implemented in 2014.
"The FDA mandate that limits acetaminophen dosage to 325 milligrams per tablet in combination acetaminophen-opioid medications was associated with a significant and persistent decline in the yearly rate of hospitalizations and proportion per year of acute liver failure cases involving acetaminophen and opioid toxicity," said study leader and University of Alabama at Birmingham surgeon-scientist Jayme Locke, M.D. At UAB, Locke directs the Comprehensive Transplant Institute in the Marnix E. Heersink School of Medicine.
Patient safety — while still providing pain relief — is the reason to combine different analgesic classes in a medication. Together, the multiple drugs should provide additive synergistic analgesia while minimizing toxicity by using lower doses of each component.
The challenge was that too-high doses of acetaminophen, also known as paracetamol, are toxic to the liver. By 2005, one study found that 43 percent of acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure cases involved combination acetaminophen-opioid medications taken as therapy. So, an FDA advisory panel in 2009 recommended prohibiting sale of the combo acetaminophen-opioid medications, though the FDA instead acted to limit the dose of acetaminophen in those combination acetaminophen-opioid medications to 325 milligrams. Before the FDA mandate, such medications contained 325 to 750 milligrams of acetaminophen.
To examine the effect of this change, researchers in the JAMA study looked at yearly rates of hospitalization and acute liver failure cases in two independent, contemporaneous data sources, the National Inpatient Sample, or NIS, and the Acute Liver Failure Study Group, or ALFSG. The NIS is a very large U.S. hospitalization database with more than 473 million hospitalizations from 2007 to 2019. The ALFSG is a prospective, 32 U.S. medical-center cohort of adult patients with acute liver failure from 1998 to 2019.
In each data source, Locke and colleagues found similar declines in the yearly rates of hospitalization and acute liver failure cases associated with acetaminophen-opioid medications after the mandate. They also compared toxicity seen from acetaminophen-opioid medications versus toxicity from acetaminophen alone. In contrast to the declines from acetaminophen-opioid medications after the mandate, rates of hospitalization and acute liver failure cases associated with acetaminophen alone — where the dosage is not constrained by the FDA — continued to rise after the combination drug mandate.
The detailed results looked at four groups: NIS acetaminophen-opioid toxicity, NIS acetaminophen-alone toxicity, ALFSG acetaminophen-opioid toxicity and ALFSG acetaminophen-alone toxicity. Three different time frame analyses were done for each group: 1) before and after the FDA announcement date in 2011, 2) before and after the FDA implementation date in 2014, and 3) a washout comparison of cases before the 2011 announcement date and after the 2013 implementation date.
As an example of detailed findings, in the NIS group, the predicted incidence of hospitalizations associated with acetaminophen-opioid toxicity one day prior to the FDA announcement was 12.2 cases per 100,000 hospitalizations. By Q4 2019, it was 4.4 cases per 100,000 hospitalizations. The odds of a hospitalization involving acetaminophen-opioid toxicity increased 11 percent per year before the announcement and decreased 11 percent per year after the announcement.
In the ALFSG group, the predicted percentage of acute liver failure cases from acetaminophen-opioid toxicity one day prior to the FDA announcement was 27.4 percent. By Q3 2019, it was 5.3 percent. The percentage of acute liver failure cases involving acetaminophen-opioid toxicity increased 7 percent per year before the announcement and decreased 16 percent a year after the announcement.
The NIS database included 39,606 cases of hospitalizations involving acetaminophen-opioid toxicity, and the ALFSG database had 2,631 patients hospitalized with acute liver failure, including 465 with acetaminophen-opioid toxicity.
The authors caution that the study shows association, not causality. The changes in hospitalizations could also have come from increased public awareness and stiffer label warnings required by the FDA as part of the mandate, or changes in clinician prescribing patterns. However, in Canada, changes in labeling without an accompanying limit in the acetaminophen dosage was not associated with a decline in hospitalizations.
Locke is a professor in the UAB Department of Surgery, chief of the Division of Transplantation, and she holds the Arnold G. Diethelm Endowed Chair in Transplantation Surgery. First author in the JAMA study, Babak Orandi, M.D., Ph.D., is a visiting assistant professor of surgery at the UAB Heersink School of Medicine, and is currently an obesity medicine fellow and an instructor in medicine at Weill Cornell Medicine, and an assistant attending physician at NewYork-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, New York.
Co-authors with Locke and Orandi are M. Chandler McLeod and Paul A. MacLennan, UAB Department of Surgery; William M. Lee, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas; Robert J. Fontana, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor; Constantine J. Karvellas, University of Alberta School of Medicine, Edmonton, Canada; Brendan M. McGuire, UAB Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; Cora E. Lewis, UAB School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology; and Norah M. Terrault, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles.
Support came from National Institutes of Health grant DK58369, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences grant TR003097 and a Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract Career Development Award.
About UAB
Known for its innovative and interdisciplinary approach to education at both the graduate and undergraduate levels, the University of Alabama at Birmingham, a part of the University of Alabama System, is an internationally renowned research university and academic medical center with over $700 million in research awards annually, as well as Alabama's largest single employer, with some 28,000 employees, and has an annual economic impact exceeding $12.1 billion on the state. The pillars of UAB's mission include education, research, innovation and economic development, community engagement, and patient care. Learn more at www.uab.edu.
About the UAB Heersink School of Medicine
With more than 800 medical students and a faculty of more than 1,200, the Heersink School of Medicine at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, a part of the University of Alabama System, is one of the premier academic medical centers in the United States. UAB is among the top 20 schools in research funding from the National Institutes of Health and is routinely listed among the best in various national rankings. UAB's Medical-Scientist Training Program (M.D.-Ph.D.), Rural Medical Scholars Program and Early Medical School Acceptance Program are a few of the innovations on campus that foster collaboration across a multitude of disciplines. As the educational arm of UAB Medicine, the school trains students and residents in a world-class setting; UAB Hospital's 1,200 beds place it among the largest hospitals in the country. Doctoral students in UAB's Graduate Biomedical Sciences Program participate in interdisciplinary thematic programs that integrate more than 25 departments and 20 research centers across UAB. Learn more at www.uab.edu.
