How does a gambler maximize winnings from a row of slot machines? This is the inspiration for the "multi-armed bandit problem," a common task in reinforcement learning in which "agents" make choices to earn rewards. Recently, an international research team led by Hiroaki Shinkawa at the University of Tokyo developed an extended photonic reinforcement learning scheme that moves from the static bandit problem towards a more challenging dynamic environment. This study was published July 25 in Intelligent Computing, a Science Partner Journal.
The success of the scheme relies on both a photonic system to enhance the learning quality and a supporting algorithm. Looking at a "potential photonic implementation," the authors developed a modified bandit Q-learning algorithm and validated its effectiveness through numerical simulations. They also tested their algorithm with a parallel architecture, where multiple agents operate at the same time, and found that the key to accelerating the parallel learning process is to avoid conflicting decisions by taking advantage of the quantum interference of photons.
Although using the quantum interference of photons is not new in this field, the authors believe this study is "the first to connect the notion of photonic cooperative decision-making with Q-learning and apply it to a dynamic environment." Reinforcement learning problems are generally set in a dynamic environment that changes with the agents' actions and are thus more complex than the static environment in a bandit problem.
This study targets a grid world, a collection of cells holding varying rewards. Each agent can go up, down, left or right and get a reward based on its current move and location. In this environment, the agent's next move is determined entirely by its current move and location.
The simulations in this study use a 5 × 5 cell grid; each cell is called a "state," every move made by an agent at each time step is called an "action," and the rule determining how an agent selects a certain action in each state is called a "policy." The decision-making process is designed as a bandit problem scenario, where each state-action pair is regarded as a slot machine and the changes in Q value — the values of the state-action pairs — are regarded as the rewards.
Unlike basic Q-learning algorithms, which generally focus on finding the optimal path to maximize rewards, the modified bandit Q-learning algorithm aims to learn the optimal Q value for every state-action pair in the entire environment, efficiently and accurately. Therefore, it is essential for an agent to keep a good balance between "exploiting" the familiar pairs with high values for faster learning and "exploring" unfrequented pairs for potentially higher values. The softmax algorithm, a popular model that excels in this kind of balancing, is used as the policy.
The authors' future priority is to design a photonic system supporting conflict-free decision-making among at least three agents, hoping its addition to their proposed scheme will help agents avoid making conflicting decisions. Meanwhile, they are planning to develop algorithms that allow agents to act continuously and to apply their bandit Q-learning algorithm to more complicated reinforcement learning tasks.
