Directed rotational motion is widespread in nature and technology. At small scales, however, it is difficult to generate. . Researchers from the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) and partners in China are now presenting a mechanism in which flows at a water surface alone can cause a floating object to rotate controllably in a single direction.Using this mechanism, they assembled ultrathin fibers into structured bundles - for example to produce low-loss high-frequency transmission lines or surgical suture. The findings were published in Science Advances. (DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aed5495 )
Reliably generating controlled miniature rotations has long been a challenge: Chemical propulsion systems wear out, and methods using electric or magnetic fields require complex setups. A team from KIT's Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT) and from the Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics (SINANO) at the Chinese Academy of Sciences has now demonstrated that flow at a water surface alone is sufficient to rotate a floating object in a fixed direction. "We were able to show that motion on a small scale can be controlled entirely without chemistry, electricity, or magnetic fields, relying solely on the forces acting at a water surface. This opens up a simple and versatile way to assemble ultrafine structures in a targeted manner," said Professor Jan G. Korvink from KIT's IMT.
Why Speed Determines Direction
At the heart of the setup is a 3D-printed component with a spiral channel. . It keeps a tiny object on the water surface without touching it. When the component moves slowly up and down, the object merely oscillates back and forth, leaving no net rotation. At a higher speed, however, small vortices form, tipping the balance: The object rotates bit by bit in the same direction - just like a ratchet - gradually accumulating the rotation. Researchers at KIT were able to visualize this process through flow simulations. "In the simulation, we could accurately trace how the flow breaks the symmetry of motion at higher speeds. It is precisely this symmetry breaking that transforms a back-and-forth movement into a directed rotation," said Professor Yongbo Deng from IMT.
Fine Fiber Bundles for Wires, Sutures, and Artificial Muscles
The effect can be used in a targeted way: The component behaves just as a tiny motor powered solely by the water surface. Its torque is about 10⁻⁸ newton-meters, which is far below that of an electric motor but significantly above than that of biological motors. Using this approach, the scientists gradually assembled silk fiber with a diameter between 10 and 20 micrometers into multilayered twisted bundles. Such structures are also typical of Litz wires and surgical suture materials. Potential applications are low-loss transmission cables in data centers, multifunctional suture materials, and artificial muscles. Conventional braiding machines fail at this scale because the fibers break under tension. The novel approach, by contrast, requires no mechanical contact and thus opens an innovative way to manufacture helical structures in a controlled manner.
The work was funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG), the European Research Council (ERC), and SINANO.
Originalpublication
Zhe Li, Keliang Liu, Lida Pan, Zhangyuan Cheng, Shuxian Li, Chengchen Guo, Jan G. Korvink, Jiadong Li, Yongbo Deng, Zongmin Ma, Cheng Zeng: Capillary ratchets activated by interfacial flows for versatile torque generation and microassembly. Science Advances, 2026. DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aed5495 .
