Gathering dust from buildings may hold promise as a more efficient way to track viral outbreaks in indoor settings, according to a new study.
After collecting nearly 30 vacuumed dust samples from places like schools, university residence halls and office buildings, researchers simultaneously identified the presence of 54 distinct viruses, including SARS-CoV-2, influenza, norovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, and others.
Indoor dust tends to accumulate biological material shed by occupants and also integrates signatures from the air, surfaces and human activity over time, which means using these particles to monitor viral pathogen trends could aid early detection efforts against future outbreaks.
"It's really important that we understand broadly how to track disease in our community," said Karen Dannemiller, senior author of the study and an associate professor of civil, environmental and geodetic engineering and environmental health sciences at The Ohio State University. "Similar to wastewater monitoring, which tracks disease clusters on a large-scale level, we've created an intermediate tool that has those same benefits for a smaller population."
Compared to traditional sampling methods, dust-based techniques are advantageous because the particles are easily collected during routine cleaning, it requires no specialized plumbing access, and dust can remain stable at room temperature for extended periods. These simple but critical aspects can lead to quick, high-resolution insights into what is happening within a specific space and help researchers take appropriate measures to address it, said Dannemiller.
"This is groundbreaking work," she said. "While people have sequenced viruses out of dust before, it's been on a pretty limited basis and was not proposed as a surveillance tool."
The study was recently published in the journal Building and Environment.
To take a targeted look at these pathogens, researchers utilized both PCR analysis and a novel sequencing technique that detects the RNA molecules that viruses leave behind after they decay. By comparing the findings in their sample to a library panel of 200 potential pathogens, the team measured and categorized many viruses at once, a capability that, on the ground, would increase both the efficiency and utility of future viral investigations.
"Research like this is useful for monitoring a range of buildings where there's a variety of things that you're concerned about," said Dannemiller. "By using that information to help pinpoint those issues, it's possible to improve our decisions about where to direct limited mitigation resources."
Significantly, building dust could also be used to capture data from both symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals, a noninvasive aspect that would allow researchers and decision-makers to infer viral patterns without the need for direct clinical testing.
While researchers in this study did not measure the viability of the sampled viruses, it's unlikely that leftover viral particles in dust would still be infectious - depending on the bug. Given the minimal risk, establishing a robust and easily scalable dust-based monitoring tool would provide the public with a much broader understanding of community transmission.
For instance, three of the viruses the team found were shown to be more prevalent in child-associated settings, like daycares, rather than in buildings primarily occupied by adults, and a total of 85% of all collected samples contained at least one rhinovirus. Such results signify that dust can even capture public health trends by occupant demographic, like age.
Overall, findings suggest that dust-based surveillance may be a powerful complement to wastewater surveillance, particularly for early warning of threats in enclosed environments. Future work may include exploring the use of this sampling in military and healthcare settings and determining if the team's new viral sampling technique could help automate detection pipelines.
"This is an initial step to understanding how we can use technology to better monitor at the building level for different infectious diseases," said Dannemiller. "Ultimately, that leads to a more informed use of precautions and better targeting for the use of resources."
Other Ohio State co-authors include Austin Shamblin, Calissa Carlisle, Nicholas Nastasi, Seth Faith, Michael Sovic and Vanessa Varaljay, as well as Genny Cook, Anthony Fries, Richard Agans from the United States Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine. This study was supported by the United States Air Force Research Laboratory, the National Institutes of Health and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.
