ALBUQUERQUE, New Mexico, USA, 19 May 2026 — A peer-reviewed invited review published today in Genomic Psychiatry argues that the adult brain, when it learns and remembers and rewires, is not inventing something new. It is reaching back into a toolkit it carried out of the womb. The synthesis, led by Dr. Nora Perrone-Bizzozero of the University of New Mexico School of Medicine, focuses on a single neuronal RNA-binding protein called HuD, encoded by the ELAVL4 gene, and on the roughly 4,000 messenger RNAs it grasps at different points in a mouse's life.
HuD belongs to the ELAV-Hu family, named after a fruit fly protein required for the nervous system to exist at all. In mammals, three of the four Hu proteins are restricted almost entirely to neurons. They turn on early. In some lineages they are among the very first signals that a cell has decided, irreversibly, to become a neuron. What HuD does once it is there is the question this review tries to answer in full.
A target list, drawn twice
The authors compare two interactomes, two lists of mRNAs that HuD is caught binding inside living tissue. One comes from embryonic day 18 mouse brain. The other comes from the adult forebrain. Half of the targets, 1,926 of them, appear on both lists. About 620 are unique to the embryo. Another 1,583 belong only to the adult. The Venn diagram is striking on its own. The interpretation is more so.
Run through Ingenuity Pathways Analysis, the shared targets light up biological networks that read like a textbook of neural function. Quantity of synapses. Proliferation of brain cells. Regeneration of nervous tissue. The molecules underneath those headings include Bassoon and gephyrin, the scaffolds that hold synapses in place. They include Cntnap2, a gene linked to autism and intellectual disability. They include the TrkB receptor, which neurons depend on to survive insult and to remodel after experience.
"What surprised us, the longer we stared at the data, was how much of the adult brain's vocabulary was already in place at embryonic day 18," said Dr. Perrone-Bizzozero. "The adult neuron is not improvising; it is consulting a phrasebook it has carried since before birth. Cells economize by using the same protein to perform related functions throughout life. Rather than rewriting their entire wiring diagram, neurons swap out specific HuD-regulated components to sustain lifelong plasticity."
Different cast, same play
Here is where the synthesis turns. The fifteen canonical pathways shared by embryonic, adult, and common target sets include axonal guidance, ephrin receptor signaling, netrin signaling, synaptogenesis, and the RHO GTPase cascade that drives WASP and WAVE complexes. Thirty-one disease and function categories overlap as well, among them the development of neurons, microtubule dynamics, and abnormal morphology of the brain. Yet within each pathway, the specific mRNAs change with age. Ephrin B signaling in the embryo recruits Cdc42, Gnaq, and Kalrn. The same pathway in adulthood pulls in Efnb1, Efnb2, Mapk1, and Rhoa. The pathway is the same. The performers are not.
This is the conceptual hinge of the review. If a mature neuron remodels its dendrites after an experience, the molecular logic underneath that remodeling looks suspiciously like the logic that built those dendrites in the first place. The authors argue that adult plasticity is innately developmental. The brain does not have two playbooks. It has one, with substitutions.
"You can read this as a kind of evolutionary thrift," said Dr. Michela Dell'Orco, first author of the review and the investigator who, together with co-authors Drs. Amy Gardiner and Federico Bolognani, conducted the HuD RIP-seq pulldown experiments. "Our findings are even more compelling given that proteins such as HuD, which support rapid and precise neuronal dynamics, have existed for more than half a billion years," added Dr. Bolognani, who also contributed substantially to the early stages of this research.
Where embryos and adults part ways
The targets unique to each age tell their own story. Embryonic-only targets cluster around the construction of axons. The growth of axons network features Cdc42, Kif2a, Marcks, Ncam1, and Sema5a. Top canonical pathways include RHO GTPases activating PAKs, WNT/β-catenin signaling, and semaphorin interactions, all of them load-bearing for the geometry of the developing brain. The adult-only targets cluster instead around behavior and neurological disease, with Bdnf as the central hub and synaptogenesis signaling, MAPK targets, protein ubiquitination, and AMPK signaling as dominant themes. The embryo builds. The adult maintains and adapts.
When HuD goes wrong
The review devotes careful attention to disease. ELAVL4 is a risk gene for Parkinson's disease, with replication across multiple cohorts. HuD is dysregulated in Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal dementia, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. In a 5xFAD mouse model, knockout of HuD ameliorated Alzheimer's pathology, a finding the authors flag as therapeutically suggestive. Activation of HuD downstream of nerve injury has been linked to neuropathic pain. Targets of HuD have been associated with schizophrenia, major depression, and bipolar disorder. Small molecule inhibitors of HuD have been proposed as a class of intervention worth pursuing.
"If a single protein is a risk factor in Parkinson's, dysregulated in Alzheimer's and ALS, and tied to schizophrenia and mood disorders through its target repertoire, then HuD sits at an unusually crowded intersection," said Dr. Jeffery Twiss, co-author and Professor of Biological Sciences at the University of South Carolina. "It is the kind of node where therapeutic leverage might be possible."
Dr. Perrone-Bizzozero agrees, noting that the study's implications extend far beyond the lab. "The results of our basic research provide a foundation for the development of novel molecular-based treatments in the future," she said.
Open questions, deliberately left open
The authors do not claim definitive closure. HuD does not work alone. It binds circular RNAs such as circHomer1a, long noncoding RNAs such as BACE1 antisense, and small noncoding RNAs including Y3, while also competing with microRNA miR-495 for overlapping binding sites. HuD additionally competes with another RNA-binding protein, KHSRP, for some of the very same mRNAs, with HuD stabilizing the transcript and KHSRP destabilizing it. The functional output in any given neuron will depend on stoichiometry, on cell type, on competing endogenous RNA networks the field has only begun to map. Should small molecule inhibitors of HuD be developed for neurodegeneration, will they spare the regenerative functions HuD also serves? Can the embryonic-versus-adult target distinction be exploited to drive selective remodeling in injured adult tissue? What controls the binding affinity that decides which targets get released first under stress? The review treats these as the next decade's work, not a footnote.
A field, mapped
This is not original experimentation. It is a synthesis, a careful drawing-together of years of pulldowns, sequencing runs, knockout phenotypes, and clinical genetics into a single argument about how a neuron sustains itself across a lifetime. The argument matters because it reframes plasticity. If adult learning runs on developmental machinery, then the line between brain development and brain repair is thinner than the textbook suggests. The treatments we may eventually offer for stroke, neurodegeneration, and neuropsychiatric illness will likely depend on whether we can persuade adult neurons to consult that early phrasebook a little more often.
The peer-reviewed invited review in Genomic Psychiatry titled "The neuronal RNA-binding protein HuD activates shared biological pathways to regulate distinct stages of neuronal development and maturation," is freely available via Open Access, starting on 19 May 2026 in Genomic Psychiatry at the following hyperlink: https://doi.org/10.61373/gp026i.0030 .
The full reference for citation purposes is: Dell'Orco M, Gardiner AS, Twiss JL, Bolognani F, Perrone-Bizzozero NI. The neuronal RNA-binding protein HuD activates shared biological pathways to regulate distinct stages of neuronal development and maturation. Genomic Psychiatry 2026. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61373/gp026i.0030 . Epub 2026 May 19.
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